Once the prescription has been designed based on these principles of training, the delivery of the prescription is operationalized by the appropriate manipulation of the “FITT” exercise formula: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type. For example, in a study exploring the effect of exercise on aerobic capacity, enrolling participants who report low baseline levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity or who are actively undergoing therapies associated with reductions in aerobic capacity would meet the principle of initial values, as such participants are more likely to benefit from an aerobic exercise intervention. An exercise intervention for individuals with cancer can be prescribed or “dosed” to enhance its efficacy, which can be accomplished through the application of well-established exercise training principles: specificity, progression, overload, initial values, reversibility and diminishing returns (Table 1). Within the field of exercise oncology, a new appreciation for greater precision in prescribing exercise has emerged, with the aim to optimally target specific patient symptoms and health needs. While initial research in exercise oncology confirmed these benefits primarily in women with early-stage breast cancer, followed by men with prostate cancer, the past decade has seen a surge in RCTs demonstrating similar benefits in numerous other cancer types, as well as in advanced cancer and in the palliative care setting. Accumulating evidence suggests exercise can be prescribed as an adjunct therapy to manage the acute and long-term adverse effects of anticancer therapies and improve overall health and survivorship after a cancer diagnosis. The number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the role of exercise in an oncology setting has risen sharply. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
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